4-Findings and Discussion

4-Findings and Discussion

4.1 Brief about the Respondents:

This chapter reveals the findings of research work as described in previous chapter. The research focuses on two types of respondents having directly or indirectly link with each other. The respondents are divided into two categories like manufacturing sector and consultants. The manufacturing sector includes cement industry, refinery, and packages industry, fertilizer industry and metal manufacturers. The second participants are consultants who provide their services to industrial sector to cope with issues like quality management, environmental management, waste water treatment, environmental impact assessment, and training of the employees.

3.6 Summary

3.6 Summary

This chapter first represents introduction in section3.1 followed by the research strategy in section 3.2. Research strategy describes the research methods and its importance with outstanding benefit. In section 3.3 the research instrument and design of that instrument has been described. Questionnaire as a primary source of information has been designed which covers almost all aspects of the issues under discussion. In section 3.4 a brief about data collection and analysis has been represented. This chapter also describes the limitation and constraint of this research. Finally, the overall summary has been represented in section 3.6. The detail of findings and analysis has been described in next chapter under heading of ‘findings and discussion’.

3.5 limitations of Method

3.5 limitations of Method

 Due to limited time and least cost effective method of acquiring same kind of primary data, questionnaire has been designed and sends through e-mail to target audience. However, few limitations are involved in this research work. First, only limited question can be asked through questionnaire and surveyor cannot get additional surrounding information about the topic. Moreover, absence of critical analysis by those firms who are lacking behind in implementation or made less progress is another drawback might result in weak opinion output.

Secondly, the quality of work can be affected by the characteristics of the target audience like experience, knowledge, interest. Other disadvantage might be poor comprehension of the question which may lead to ambiguity give birth of weak assessment of issue. Furthermore, the lack of help by surveyor at the time of assessment might lead to misinterpretation of meaning and missing of data. In future, a large scale survey in the same pattern targeting  individual manufacturing sector should be arrange to get more deep and exact information about the issue.

3.4 Data collection and Analysis

3.4 Data collection and Analysis

The collected data has been tabulated separately whether the respondent belongs to a consultancy or manufacturing sector. Moreover, the number of response against each question of survey questionnaire has been recorded in corresponding section depending upon the response nature. This methodology gives idea that who many respondents are saying ‘Yes’ or No; or commenting for their own views against each question.

At the end, the total number of respondents against each question has been calculated and rated out from total number of respondents. The overall data has been represented graphically for both type of respondents like consultants and manufacturing sectors. This provides direct comparison of respondent’s review against each question. Descriptive reliability analysis has been considered appropriate technique for this study.

3.3 Research instrument and design

3.3 Research instrument and design

Research design plays a vital role to link data with question under discussion and it sits between two. Basically, it is plan which includes research instrument, strategy, procedure and sampling &population (Zhang, 2000).

The aim of this research work is to pinpoint the barriers in implementation of environmental management system. As a primary source of information questionnaire as a research instrument has been designed that covers all aspect of this research work.

Firstly, an assessment of EMS and its implementation in industrial sector of Pakistan has been carried out. In this regarding information has been collected from Ministry of Environment, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA-Pak) , Ministry of textile , Ministry of commerce and Trade , Federal Chamber of Commerce , ISO consulting firms and Cleaner Production Centre besides with other similar information sources. After having information and analysis a questionnaire has been used as a source to collect primary source of data.

The focus and span of this questionnaire includes the questions about assessing the ‘role of EMS as tool for sustainable development’ constraints in implementation of EMS in manufacturing industry and its environmental and economic impacts. This Questionnaire is used as a primary source of information for survey on the basis of which further analysis and discussion has been carried out.

Questionnaire comprises total fifteen questions that covers three main area of research work labelled as

·         Is EMS a tool for sustainable development &cleaner production in organisations?

·         Identification of constraints in implementation of EMS in manufacturing sector and its environmental and socio-economic impact.

·         Perception about the benefits of EMS implementation and future trends regarding adoption of EMS.

Questionnaire sample has been labelled in appendix A.      

In first part of questionnaire, the respondents have been asked to express their views about the role of EMS as a tool for sustainable development and cleaner production. Question in the middle portion of the questionnaire belongs to barrier and constraints in implementation of EMS. Finally, last few questions composed to identify the awareness about the EMS implementation & adoption and perception about its impacts.

Participants has been requested to provide information about their designation (Massoud et al: 2010) and company, so that the reliability of the response can be assessed. Moreover, target audience has been asked to provide information about willingness of the companies to adopt EMS in future. The focus is to explore the experience of the industrial sector regarding the benefit enjoyed and constrained & barrier encountered in implementation of EMS (Christie et al: 1995).

Before conducting the actual survey, questionnaire has been reviewed and discussed with supervisor of this research work and necessary amendments has been made to ensure the quality and relevance with area of study.

Total sample of this research consists of 90 target audience. This audience has been divided into environmental consultants and industrial representatives with population of 45 and 45 percent accordingly.

3-Research Method

3-Research Method

3.1 Introduction

This chapter presents overview of research methodology and research design. In section 3.2, the research strategy about the research question and the study relevant to subject under discussion has been explained. Section 3.3, describes research design and instrument used for research. Data collection and analysis of the data has been described in section 3.4. Next section 3.5 describes the limitation of this study and finally, section 3.6 summarizes this chapter.

3.2 Research Strategy

 Generally, two methods of research ‘qualitative and quantitative’ have been used for research depending on the nature and requirement of the investigation. Both methods have their strengths and weaknesses depending on the nature of research. According to Zhang (2000), the qualitative method allows to look into matter deeply and in detail while quantitative methods require a specific tools and instruments. One advantageous aspect of quantitative research is argued that the measurement of the reaction to limited set of question and specified criteria is the focus. On the other hand qualitative research method provides a wide range of information about much smaller people and cases.

 The nature of the study has reverence to investigation and analysis of the issue of implementation of EMS in manufacturing sector of Pakistan. In order to achieve the target two phase strategy is adopted for identification of constraints and for investigation of their impacts. Two types of target audience has been focused for study purpose like consultants and representative from manufacturing sector.

 Firstly, the information and literature relevant to implementation of EMS and constrains, has been reviewed and collected. On the basis of previous data and literature, as a primary source of information, a questionnaire has been designed.

Secondly, qualitative research methodology based on secondary source of information is used as supporting element.  These sources includes, previous case studies form books, journals and articles served as a supporting element to conceive outcome of this project in real, based on questionnaire survey.

According to Christie (1995) adoption of qualitative research methodology has a number of advantages, focusing on experience of the companies in implementation and adoption of cleaner production and EMS. This approach provides

·         “opportunity to identify key benefits and problems based on extensive company experience and reflection;

·         The potential for generalization on the basis of leading  edge experience;

·         The opportunity to draw on corporate in-house research and documentation.

In second phase, the data will be collected and interpreted to reach specific results. Qualitative research methodology will be used as a secondary source of information. Previous case studies in books and journals, articles, conference proceedings, and magazines are supporting element in this phase for discussion, analysis and conclusion

The main target focus of this questionnaire is manufacturing sector (refinery, cement industry, metal industry, fertilizer and pharmaceutical industry) and environmental management consultancies, with few firms having experience of ISO 9001 certification. The target audiences of this survey are those people who remained in touch directly or indirectly with environmental management department and in implementation of EMS.

The focus of target audiences are enough similar with the work done by Christie (1995). Target companies and consultants are selected for this survey due to following reasons.

·         Manufacturing sector is considered more responsible for environment with a sound track record of innovation and development. This urge the companies to develop environmental policies and adopt

Environmental management system and cleaner production

·         Chemical, cement and fertilizer industry has a long historical environmental innovation experience forces by legislative requirement.

·         ISO consulting firms plays a vital role in adoption and implementation of EMS. So, they are considered an authenticated source of information.

 The selected firms are ISO 14001 certified and pick randomly through internet search due to unavailability of specific information from any authoritative body from Pakistan.

The purpose of this division between consultants and manufacturing firms is to analyse the issues from two dimensions which focus on implementers (industrial sector) and observers or outside supporting bodies like consultants. The functional focus of this survey encompasses corporate level of analysis and plant level as well. This frame work can give the better picture of the issue under discussion. Due to scarcity of time and difficulty to access the respondent directly face to face, internet has been used to send questionnaire through e-mail rather than traditional method of postal mail.

The survey is sent to the firms information address due to unavailability of direct relevant person and it is also requested that direct this questionnaire to relevant person /department if you are not relevant person. Regarding the consulting firms the questionnaires have been sent on personal e-mail address listed for contact in directory.

2- Review of Literature

2- Review of Literature

2.1 Introduction

This chapter comprises of detailed literature review of environmental management system. It covers review of background of EMS, development of EMS, elements of EMS, its implementation, EMS and its role as a tool for cleaner production & sustainable development. This chapter covers the review of constraints in implementation of EMS in manufacturing industry as well, with having a look on incentives and benefits.

 2.2 Background

Over past few decades, with the increase in production demand and consumption need, industries have adopted the theme of mass production regardless taking into account the aspects of environmental degradation. In past, industrial accidents like, Bhopal disaster in India in 1984(Adams 1990) and other similar incidents before or later on, opened a new way regarding environmental consciousness. 

This figure 2.2.1 represents the environmental pressure group that urged the companies to adopt EMS. Modern technology, customer environmental awareness, government restrictions and similar aspects as labelled are considered the drivers for change.

 This awareness about sustainable development and green future, stressed the international business community to formulate international environmental standards and policies for an effective green business and sustainable development. The adoption and maintenance of EMS was the main element on business agenda (James: 1999) for improving environmental performance to reduce the environmental impact through sustainable improvements and development (Sebhatu and Enquist: 2007).

 Furthermore, on the eve of United Nations Conference on Environment and development (UNCED) in 1992, Business council for sustainable development (BCSD) concluded that the international business community need to develop environmental management standards. In 1993, new technical committee ISO /TC207 ‘Environmental Management’ started work to develop environmental standards with the assistance of other relevant authorities. In 1996, two standards (ISO 14001 and 14004) under the supervision of sub committees, SC1 and SC2 published officially (Sheldon 1997 p.19).

  Almost all environmental experts define environmental management system (EMS) in same context with little variation in wording and position of these wordings. Christie et,al (1995: iX), states that “environmental management systems are set of techniques and disciplines that facilitate movement by firms towards cleaner production”.

Moreover, Sheldon (2006) and other environmental experts describes EMS as a formal approach to improve the environmental performance.

 In addition, talking about socio-ecological aspect of the sustainability, (Sutton P. ed. 1997 in Sheldon p.212, 1997) ‘The Sustainable Development has been described as “development that brings about ecological, social, and economic sustainability while contributing to the achievement of society’s other goals”.

Implementation of Environmental Management system

Implementation of Environmental Management system

(EMS-ISO 14001) in Pakistan: Constraints and Impacts

                                             Table of Contents

Title.............................................................................................................................................................1 

Declaration..................................................................................................................................................2

Abstract.......................................................................................................................................................3

Acknowledgement......................................................................................................................................4

Dedication...................................................................................................................................................5

 Table of Contents.......................................................................................................................................6

List of Tables...............................................................................................................................................8

List of Figures..............................................................................................................................................9

1- Introduction...........................................................................................10

1.1   Overview......................................................................................................................................10

 What is environmental management System (EMS)?    .............................................................11

 Environmental Management System in Pakistan.........................................................................15

Objective of the Research............................................................................................................18

 Research Approach......................................................................................................................19

 Structure of Research Report.......................................................................................................20

Summary.......................................................................................................................................21

2LiteratureReview.................................................................................22

Introduction..................................................................................................................................22

Background..................................................................................................................................22

2.1  Environmental management and Sustainable development........................................................26

2.2  Implementation of EMS: Constraints and Barriers.......................................................................31

2.3  Benefits of EMS.............................................................................................................................40

2.4  Summary.......................................................................................................................................42

3- Research Method...................................................................................43

3.1              Introduction......................................................................................................................43

3.2              Research Strategy..............................................................................................................43

3.3              Research Instrument and design.......................................................................................45

3.4              Data Collection and Analysis.............................................................................................46

3.5              Limitation of Research......................................................................................................47

3.6               Summary..........................................................................................................................47

4- Findings and Discussion.........................................................................48

4.1        Brief about the respondents.............................................................................................49

4.2        Response Rate...................................................................................................................50

4.3        Discussion.........................................................................................................................52

4.3.1     Manufacturing Sector: Constraints in Implementation....................................................52

4.3.2     Impacts in terms of Perceived Benefits and Trends.........................................................54

4.4        Consultants Response.......................................................................................................57

4.4.1     Impacts in terms of Perceived Benefits and Trends.........................................................59

4.5        Overall Response..............................................................................................................61

4.5.1     Impacts in terms of Perceived Benefits and Trends.........................................................63 4.6         Summary..........................................................................................................................65

5- Conclusion and Recommendations........................................................66

5.1                 Introduction................................................................................................................66

5.2                 Objectives: findings and conclusion...........................................................................66

5.3                 Conclusion..................................................................................................................72

References & Bibliography.........................................................................73

Appendix A: Questionnaire Sample............................................................77

List of Tables

Table 1.3: Function of Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA)..........................................17

Table 2.2.1.: ISO 14000 series overview...................................................................................................24

Table 2.3.1: The relation between ICC’s Business Charter for Sustainable Development and the

                      Environmental management systems according to the ISO 14000 series............................27

Table 2.4: Barriers, Challenges and demand for Govt. Support................................................................37

Table 2.5: Benefits and Incentives of EMS................................................................................................41

Table 4.1.1:  General Breakdown of respondents by sector and nature of business...............................48

Table 4.3.1:  Ranking of constraints in descending order in terms of percentage

                       By manufacturers................................................................................................................54

Table 4.4.1:  Ranking of the constraints in descending order in terms of percentage

                       By consultants.....................................................................................................................59

Table 4.5.1: Ranking of the constraints in descending order in terms of combined percentage.............63

 

List of Figures

Figure 1.2.1: Environmental Management system Model ISO 14001 and 14004....................................13

Figure 1.2.2 - Breakdown of EMS..............................................................................................................14

Figure: 1.3.1 Model of Environmental Organization in Pakistan..............................................................16

Figure 2.2.1: Driving force for environmental management / Change.....................................................22

Figure 2.3.1 Path to Eco-Efficiency through ISO 14000.............................................................................29

Figure 4.1.1:  Total number of ISO 14001 certifications achieved per year..............................................49

Figure 4.2.1      Breakdown of individual response rate by sector out of total questionnaire sent..........50

Figure 4.2.2:   Breakdown of total response received by both sectors overall.........................................51

Figure 4.3.1:  Breakdown of constraints in implementation of EMS by manufacturing sector................53

Figure 4.3.2:  Breakdown of perceived benefits and trends by manufacturing sector.............................55

Figure 4.3.3:  Breakdown of perceived benefits in ‘Yes’ by manufacturing sector...................................56

Figure 4.4.1: Breakdown of constraint in implementation of EMS by consultants...................................58

Figure 4.4.2: Breakdown of perceived benefits and trends by consultants..............................................60

Figure 4.5.1: Breakdown of constraints in implementation of EMS by both sectors

 (Manufacturers &consultants).................................................................................................................61

Figure 4.5.2: Breakdown of perceived benefits and trends: overall response.........................................64

Figure 5.2.4: Framework for successful implementation of environmental management system..........71

1-Introduction

1.1Overview

     Over the last two decades, concern about the environmental issues has grown throughout                                the globe rapidly. Global warming, climate change biodiversity and other environmental problems have drawn the attention of environmental experts to plan, improve and implement environmental management system (EMS) for green and sustainable future.

 In addition, concerns about environmental management have urged industrial sector to modify existing one, plan & improve and implement environmental management systems regardless size and nature of the organizations. The requirement of adoption and maintenance of EMS has become the demand of international business from both parties (suppliers and customers) in order to get competitive benefits and to prove organizations as environment friendly.

The aim of this research project is to investigate the constraints and barriers in implementation of environmental management system (ISO 14001) in manufacturing industry of Pakistan.  ISO 14001 as EMS will be considered the main area under discussion .Furthermore, this piece of work investigates its ultimate impacts on environment in manufacturing and production industry with other social and corporate benefits. In last two decades with the evolution of concept that ‘Be Green and Sustainable Development’ demand of Environmental Management Systems (EMS) adoption and implementation has grown throughout the world. EMS is a specific set of programmes, policies and techniques which provides footing stone to any organization to demonstrate responsibly to save the environment. Furthermore, EMS is helpful to handle the environmental impacts of economic and industrial activities and to enhance the environmental performance of the organizations. These impacts may result in air pollution, water pollution, carbon emission, and many more; ultimately result in environmental degradation. The role of environmental management in any industry is important to gain competitive benefits. Adoption of EMS provides a foundation to get reorganization of the products all over the world for an effective business management and development.

  On the other hand, many constraints and barriers are in path to adopt and implement EMS. These constraints may include financial constraints, lack of information, lack of awareness, poor legislations, lack of incentives to implement, poor government policies, legal implications and many more, impede the implementation process (Quazi 1999). These hurdles slow down the environmental performance improvement process, which hinders the development and growth of any company. Some authors argue that continues industrialization in developing countries without taking into consideration the environmental aspects, means the long term hunger, poverty and environmental degradation.

Most organizations (include large Pakistani Companies) across the world have realized that in a rapidly changing business environment, it is difficult to survive without proper implementation of EMS. Realizing such requirements of organizations, companies would have to design and develop such policies, which offer an integrated solution to all the functional processes in an organization and their problems.

The scope of author’s project lies around identification of constraints and barriers in implementation of EMS in industrial sector of Pakistan especially regarding manufacturing organization. It will also provide a path to investigate the impacts of those constrains on environment and progress of the company. Finally, the project will prove a base for further work to overcome and reduce these constraints.

1.2 What is environmental management System (EMS)?

With the evolution of the concept that “Be Green and Sustainable Development” awareness and concern at international level about environmental management has risen. From last two decades pressure on business organization and manufacturers has been raised to adopt sustainable methods for design and development. Moreover, conservation of the natural resources, optimum utilization of the resources, and sustainable development of the processes with minimum waste or zero dispose off is the focus. However, the implementation and adoption of environmental management system is a big challenge for developing countries. Developing countries are lacking behind to demonstrate environmental friendly which is a priority of the developed countries (Adams 1990, p114).

This report gives idea about the implementation of the environmental management system in Pakistan and it identify the constraints and barriers to implement EMS and its impacts on environment. Though, the first world countries have developed and still in developing phase to modify  techniques and tools to cope with the global warming and environmental issues which  has become the focus of globe. On the other hand less developed countries/ developing countries are facing many problems regarding implementation of environmental management system like financial constraints, lack of information, poor public sector policies, and lack of managerial commitment to implement the EMS (Adams p 114-15)

First, it is necessary to have a look about environmental management system development and its functions because good comprehension of the EMS leads to better understanding of the issue.

According to Marcus et al (1997) EMS, ISO 14001 has been described as a global passport for international trade. In addition to that, Quazi (1999) states that “An environmental management system (EMS) is described a well organized and planned technique to deal with regulatory aspects and customer concerns relevant to environmental issues”. Furthermore, Sheldon (1997 p19) describes that, in 1992 on the eve of United Nation Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED; The Earth Summit) in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), the Business Council for Sustainable development (BCSD), decided to develop an international environmental management system for the improvement of the environmental performance of the organizations with least impacts on environment, of their economical activities.

 Before that, Strategic Advisory Group on Environment (SAGE) in 1991, proposed suggestions and highlighted area for development of environmental standards, for the benefit of the business organizations. In 1993, International Organization for Standardization (ISO) formed new technical committee ISO/ TC207 ‘Environmental Management’ to formulate the standards suggested by SAGE.

Under the supervision of six subcommittees and one working group from different countries were, responsible to carry out work on the different areas of environmental management. The ISO 14000 family standards have been developed to support companies in any country to improve their environmental performance. In 1996, the ISO 14000 family standards (14001, 14004 14010) were published as formal official document.

As a formal official document of EMS (ISO 14001), it requires a specific requirement for a company to maintain for third party registration. It comprises of following five key elements

1-      Development of Environmental policy

2-      Planning

3-      Implementation and operation

4-      Checking and corrective action; and

5-      Review and improvement( Management Review)

Source: Adopted from Sasseville et, al (1997), p 66.

  These main elements are further labelled as.

Figure 1.2.1: Environmental Management system Model ISO 14001 and 14004

 

Source: Adopted from Sheldon C. (1997), p.24 

EMS is a part of sustainable development and it enables the company to improve their environmental performance. The ISO series objective is to provide strategic tools and techniques for developing comprehensive policies to improve the manufacturing process and to make environmental performance of the organizations better and socio-environmental friendly. EMS adoption and implementation and the concept of green innovation and adoption of cleaner technology are interlinked and now have become more vibrant (Christie 1995).

ISO 14001 and ISO 14004 are interlinked because ISO 14004 provides basic information and interpretation on EMS development & planning and provides examples for further explanation.

Sasseville et al (1997:p.67) states an example, how they fit together. “The Principle 2 of ISO 14001 on planning, the specification for “Legal and Other Requirements” is explained as follows:  “The organization shall establish and maintain a procedure to identify and have access to legal and other requirements to which the organization subscribes, that are applicable to the environmental aspects of its activities, products or services (ISO 14001 .2, Section 4.3.2)”.

Quazi (1999:p.304) represents the breakdown of the ISO 14001 series.

Figure 1.2.2 - Breakdown of EMS ISO 14001          

Environmental Policy

 

Continual Improvement

 

Source: Adopted from Quazi (1999) p.304

It is argue that five pillars are considered as a driving force for implementation of EMS and sustainable development such as government policies and regulations, commercial and economic considerations, corporate image, code of conduct and finally, the growing pressure from financial/investment and community. World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) for International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) points that for sustainable development formulation of international environmental management system is needed.

ISO 14000 presents a new techniques and tools to achieve the better environmental performance which results in sustainable development and green future. EMS shifts the attention towards making producing responsible for polluting environment and inspiring organizations for responsible behaviours. The ISO 14001 EMS is significant not only for organization but also for government, citizens and consumers at large and small level. International business community played a vital role for the development of ISO standards and EMS is also in conformance with already developed quality management system, ISO 9000. In next section and overview of environmental management system in Pakistan has been described.

1.3          Environmental Management System in Pakistan

Pakistan is strategic developing country situated in south Asia with 176 million (2009 est.) populations, about 70 % of them belongs to agricultural sector. Like many other developing countries, Pakistan is also suffering from environmental problems. Over last two decades, growing awareness about environmental issues and strict environmental policies and regulations at international level proved as a hurdle in promoting business in Pakistan. Recent recession as well hit hard the business and export of different products at international level.

 According to United nation’s report (2000 p8), until 1980, development policy of Pakistan had no concern with environmental issues. Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance (PEPO) of 1983 was considered as a first step towards handling environmental issues but still it was inadequate to implement in full.

 Later on, PEPO 1983 was replaced with Pakistan Environment Protection Act (PEPA) 1997 which took key environmental issues into consideration. Pakistan’s environmental policy is based on participatory approach and is governed by Pakistan environmental protection council (PEPC) and monitored and implemented by Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (PEPA) under the supervision of ministry of environment. Pakistan Environmental Protection agency (Pak- EPA) is the main plate form for planning, implementing and monitoring of environmental aspects which works under the supervision of Pakistan Environmental Protection Council. Pak- EPA is not only responsible for implementation of EPA acts 1997 but also accounts for handling public complaints and further investigation in environmental related fields (MOEN –Pak 2010). 

In 1992, after Earth Summit in Reo Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Pakistan adopted National Conservation Strategy (NCS) after sound consultation with media, NGOs, educational sector and with environmental experts which covers natural resources, environmental protection and assessment of environmental aspects.

An overall general model for organization of environmental management in Pakistan has been labelled as under.

Figure: 1.3.1 Model of Environmental Organization in Pakistan

 

The focus of EPA in Pakistan is to enhance the environmental performance of the industrial sector through the implementation of PEP Act 1997. Pakistan environmental protection Act 1997 provides basis for implementation for the protection of environment, rehabilitation, conservation and improve of the environment. It also includes work for prevention and control of pollution; and for sustainable development as well. (Brief on Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency, 2010).

Implementation of PEPA, 1997 ensure the implementation of policies and standards, introduction of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedures to industrial sector, formulation and implementation of National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS). Different measures and action has been taken into account for sustainable development and an effective environmental management like Green Industry Programme / self monitoring and reporting program (SMART), Clean Development Mechanism (CMD) as a national operational strategy. Despite of all these efforts still there is a sound need to promote concept of cleaner production and sustainable development.

These initiatives and other environmental management systems are drivers for sustainable development and improvement of the environmental performance .Green Industry Programme (SMART) was launched on 8^th March, 2006. With the notification of National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) in 1993 the implementation of SMART became valid form 1^st July 1994 for already running units and on 1^st July 1996 for new units to prevent pollution at source. According to EPA source (2010) about 120 industries are using SMART and data is continuously being monitored that provides basis for further impact assessment. From 2003 to 2009, about 19 cases received for environmental impact assessment, 12 of these approved and 7 were in process.

Table 1.3: Functions of Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA)

Functions of Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA) 1-      Implement of Environmental protection Act 1997 2-      “Provision of all kind of technical assistance to the Ministry of Environment for formulation of environment policy and programme”. 3-      Environmental Impact Assessment EIA 4-      Preparation and review of National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) 5-      Vehicle Emission testing in collaboration with city Police 6-      Establishment of Environment Monitoring system (SMART) with collaboration of Govt. Of Japan for industries 7-      Monitoring of Air Quality 8-      Monitoring of Transboundry Air Pollution

 

Source: Information collected and complied from website of Pak- EPA (www.environment.gov.pk)

About 59 companies (ISO Survey of certification 2005) in 2005 and 77 companies (Massoud, 2009 p 201) in Pakistan were ISO certified including Unilever, Pakistan Refinery Limited (PRL), Haleeb Food and other similar industries. With the evolution of environmental concern, Industrial sector in Pakistan is interested in adoption and implementation of EMS. Many multinational organizations have obtained ISO 14000 certification including education sector like Baluchistan University. In addition to that, Sustainable development policy institute (SDPI) with other similar institutes in Pakistan is providing training and awareness to industrial sector about the implementation of EMS. SDPI points lack of understanding among the stakeholders about EMS especially ISO 14001 (SDPI 2003) and considered it as a constraint.

Up to May 2004, about 38 environmental consultants were registered with public sector which are working in Pakistan and providing their services to both private and public sector regarding environmental management, resource management and for training and certification (MOEN. 2004)

On the other hand, Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority (PSQCA) is the Standardization body of Pakistan and is a member of International Organization of Standardization (ISO). The objective of this authority is to improve the quality and safety standards (PSQCA n.d). Although, the manufacturing organization are willing to cope environmental challenges but the lack of awareness, shortage of financial resources, poor policies ,lack of higher management commitment , scarcity of expertise and other similar constrains made this goal to achieve time taken and difficult.

1.4          Objective of the Research

    The main aim of the research work is to identify the constraints and barriers to implementing EMS in manufacturing industry in Pakistan. Secondly, objective is to investigate the impacts of these constraints on environment. In order to achieve this aim, the study has been broken down into objectives.

1.  Is EMS a tool for sustainable development &cleaner production in organisations?
2.  Identification of constraints and barriers in Implementation of EMS
3.  EMS implementation: constraints and its impacts in terms of benefits and trends
4. Integration of constrains and its impacts
5. A conclusive evaluation  of these aspects and recommendation for further work

      Moreover these factors will be considered for further discussion and analysis

1. Examining the role of EMS as a basic tool for sustainable development
2. Identification of the constraints/barriers in EMS implementation as a negative aspect for organizations
3. Explanation of the environmental impacts and   their consequence
4.  Present conceptual model for removing these barriers for up-to- date business and sustainable future
5. To analyse standard EMS and its compatibility with current atmosphere in Pakistan.

 The study will address these and other identical aspects of the topic under consideration

1. How EMS play’s its role as a key element for sustainable development?
2. What are the constraints which impede the implementation process of EMS?
3. What are the ultimate consequences of these constraints and how it effects the growth of organization?
4.  What are the benefits of EMS implementation

5.      How these factors can be overcome

Overall, this study will cover all these points, and method of research design and research approach will be represented in next chapter in detail.

1.5          Research Approach

The nature of the study has reverence to investigation and analysis of the issue. In order to achieve the target two phase strategy is adopted for identification of constraints and for investigation of their impacts. Firstly, the information related to implementation of EMS and constrains will be collected. On the basis of previous data and literature, as a primary source of information questionnaire will be designed. The focus of questionnaire will include the question about implementation of EMS in manufacturing industry and constraints and its impacts on environment. Questionnaire is used as a primary source of information for survey on the basis of which further analysis and discussion is carried out. In addition to that previous case studies form books, journals and articles served as a supporting element to conceive outcome of this project in real based on questionnaire survey.

 In second phase, the data will be collected and interpreted to reach specific results. Qualitative research methodology will be used as a secondary source of information. Previous case studies in books and journals, articles, conference proceedings, and magazines are supporting element in this phase for discussion, analysis and conclusion.

1.6              Structure of Research Report

 The research work is divided into five main chapters including appendices, list of figures and tables.

 In first chapter, an overview and introduction about EMS followed by research objective, research approach has been described.

 The review of the literature on Implementation of environmental management system will be discuses in second chapter. It will provide information about role of EMS in improving environmental performance and related issues. It also describes the research issues, what the constraints are and how it effects the environment

Chapter third describes the research methodology, study design; research instrument and other parameter. It provides information about the questionnaire design and survey.

Forth chapter describes the findings and collection of the data. With the help of questionnaire survey discussion and analysis will be carried out.

Conclusion and recommendation with highlighting the area for further work will be represented in last chapter

1.7          summary

This chapter gives idea about the environmental management system and its implementation. First, an overview about the EMS and its role in industrial sector has been discussed. Second, an introduction about the development and background of environmental management system has been discussed. Third, the EMS in Pakistan and its organization structure with different functions and responsibility has been discussed. In forth section the research objective has been labelled followed by research methodology and report structure.